It's been a long time since I posted blog content. The reason is that I've been busy with exams and language learning lately, and I haven't had the interest to write articles.
This blog post is about my ideal Anki foreign language learning cards and the cards that I consider inadequate.
For individuals, it seems that the more knowledge one has, the more skilled and complex it becomes. This is reflected in the desperate attempt to cram all information onto a single card, resembling a neatly organized but unfocused note. As shown in the image (from some sellers of the Coca20000 card gimmick set):
I have been memorizing Coca20000 since 2020 for about a year. I finished (finishing means that all cards have a memory interval of more than 21 days, but unfortunately, not all definitions are precisely mastered). The cards I memorized are similar, with a word on the front and a pile of hard-to-digest knowledge on the back. Although I have laid a certain foundation in English, I feel it is still far from enough. The reason is simple: I have not mastered individual definitions, phrases, and spoken expressions atomically.
I have stopped memorizing Coca20000 for more than two years. At that time, there was no FSRS4Anki algorithm, and missing a day of cards could easily accumulate. When it piled up to the point of needing to review over 1000 words in a day, I couldn't finish and ended up deleting them.
Having talked about the cards I dislike, now let me discuss the cards I like. When memorizing vocabulary, it should be centered around example sentences. The front of the card contains the example sentence, reading, word, and phonetic symbols; the back contains the example sentence, definition, and the corresponding word meaning in that example sentence, adhering to the principle of simplification.
The example card set from Longman 5 on PDawiki is worth recommending, up to about 17000. There are many examples in Longman 5 without example sentences; those missing, as well as the subsequent words, are generally relatively obscure, with fewer meanings, so I select the front word and the back definition as the card. This idea has been enriched since the emergence of ChatGPT, from having ChatGPT explain to generating Q&A based on text, to ChatGPT dividing the text into the following table:
| English Definition | English Example | Chinese Example |
|---|---|---|
| To leave someone, especially someone you are responsible for | How could she abandon her own child? | 她怎么能抛弃自己的孩子呢？ |
| To go away from a place, vehicle etc permanently, especially because the situation makes it impossible for you to stay | We had to abandon the car and walk the rest of the way. | 我们只好弃车，步行走完剩下的路。 |
| To go away from a place, vehicle etc permanently, especially because the situation makes it impossible for you to stay | Fearing further attacks, most of the population had abandoned the city. | 因为害怕还要受到袭击，大多数市民已逃离该市。 |
| To stop doing something because there are too many problems and it is impossible to continue | The game had to be abandoned due to bad weather. | 由于天气不好，比赛不得不中止。 |
| To stop doing something because there are too many problems and it is impossible to continue | They abandoned their attempt to recapture the castle. | 他们放弃了夺回城堡的努力。 |
| To stop doing something because there are too many problems and it is impossible to continue | Because of the fog they abandoned their idea of driving. | 因为有雾，他们打消了开车去的念头。 |
| To stop having a particular idea, belief, or attitude | Rescuers had abandoned all hope of finding any more survivors. | 营救人员对找到更多生还者已不抱任何希望。 |
| To stop having a particular idea, belief, or attitude | They were accused of abandoning their socialist principles. | 他们被指责放弃了社会主义原则。 |
| abandon yourself to something, to feel an emotion so strongly that you let it control you completely | She abandoned herself to grief. | 她陷入悲痛之中，无法自拔。 |
| If someone does something with abandon, they behave in a careless or uncontrolled way, without thinking or caring about what they are doing | They drank and smoked with reckless abandon. | 他们纵情地喝酒抽烟，毫无顾忌。 |
| To stop doing or using something because it is too difficult or unsuccessful | The company abandoned its takeover bid. | (No Chinese example provided) |
| abandon ship, to leave an organization because you believe that it is going to fail soon | The chairman and most of the board members had already abandoned ship. | (No Chinese example provided) |
| abandon a case/claim/action etc, to no longer continue with a legal case etc | They decided to abandon their claim for damages. | (No Chinese example provided) |
The above is from the Longman dictionary.
Although this article is about learning foreign languages, I would like to show you the definitions I have been working on recently for Wang Li's "Ancient Chinese":
| Text | Answer |
|---|---|
| 左傳僖公五年：“唇亡齒寒者，其虞虢之謂也。” | Arranged in front of the lips are the teeth. |
| 白居易與元九書：“未老而齒發早衰白。” | Refers to teeth in general. |
| 孟子公孫丑下：“鄉党莫如齒。” | The growth and loss of human teeth signify aging, so “齒” also refers to age. |
| 庾信哀江南賦予：“藐是流離，至於暮齒。” | The growth and loss of human teeth signify aging, so “齒” also refers to age. |
| 歐陽修蘇氏文集序：“子美之齒少於予。”（子美：蘇舜欽的字。） | The growth and loss of human teeth signify aging, so “齒” also refers to age. |
| 左傳隱公十一年：“寡人若朝於薛，不敢與諸任齒。”（薛國爲任姓。“諸任” 指薛的同姓國。） | Arrangement, alignment. |
| 韓愈師說：“巫醫樂師百工之人，君子不齒。” | Refers to the same kind, category. |
| “爲人所不齒”，意即 | “Not regarded as the same kind by others.” |
| ［辨］牙，齒。 | “牙” refers to the large teeth at the back of the jaw, while “齒” refers to the teeth arranged in front. Therefore, “唇亡齒寒” cannot be said as “唇亡牙寒.” The various extended meanings of “齒” do not include “牙.” |
| 禮記樂記：“君子聽鼓鼙之聲，則思將帥之臣。” | 鼙 (pí) refers to a type of drum. Often used together with 鼓 (gǔ) to indicate the drums of war. |
| 白居易長恨歌：“漁陽鼙鼓動地來，驚破霓裳羽衣曲。” | 鼙 (pí) refers to a type of drum. Often used together with 鼓 (gǔ) to indicate the drums of war. |
| 杜甫出郭詩：“故國猶兵馬，他鄉亦鼓鼙。” | 鼙 (pí) refers to a type of drum. Often used together with 鼓 (gǔ) to indicate the drums of war. |
| 論語先進：“小子鳴鼓而攻之可也。” | Noun. Drum. |
| 左傳成公二年：“師之耳目，在吾旗鼓。” | Noun. Drum. |
| 詩經唐風山有樞：“子有鐘鼓，弗鼓弗考。”（考：敲。） | Verb. To strike the drum. |
| 左傳莊公十年：“公將鼓之。” | Specifically refers to beating the drum to advance in battle. |
| 左傳僖公二十二年：“不鼓不成列。” | Not attacking means the army is not in formation. |
| 孟子梁惠王上：“填然鼓之。” | Specifically refers to beating the drum to advance in battle. |
| 詩經小雅白華：“鼓鐘于宮。” | Extended to mean striking [musical instruments]. |
| 易經離卦：“不鼓缶而歌。” | Extended to mean striking [musical instruments]. |
| 詩經小雅鹿鳴：“鼓瑟吹笙。” | To play [string instruments]. |
| 論語先進：“鼓瑟希。” | To play [string instruments]. |
| 司馬遷報任安書：“蓋鐘子期死，伯牙終身不復鼓琴。” | To play [string instruments]. |
| 易經繫辭上：“鼓之舞之以盡神。” | To vibrate, to make vibrate. |
| 莊子盜蹠：“搖唇鼓舌，擅生是非。” | To vibrate, to make vibrate. |
| 左傳昭公二十九年：“一鼓鐵以鑄刑鼎。” | Specifically refers to blowing air to smelt iron. |
| 史記貨殖列傳：“即鐵山鼓鑄。” | Specifically refers to blowing air to smelt iron. |
| 李華弔古戰場文：“黯兮慘悴，風悲日曛。” | Deep black, dim and colorless. |
| 柳永玉蝴蝶詞：“黯相望，斷鴻聲裏，立盡斜陽。” | Extended to mean losing color, looking dejected. |
| ［黯然］ | A look of sadness and loss of color. 江淹's farewell poem: “黯然銷魂者，唯別而已矣黯” also refers to a look of losing luster. 劉禹錫's poem: “金陵王氣黯然收。” |
| ［黯黯］ | A look of gloom and melancholy. 韋應物's poem: “春愁黯黯獨成眠。” 蘇軾's poem: “黯黯夢雲驚斷。” |
| 論語雍也：“以與爾鄰里鄉黨乎。” | In ancient times, five hundred families formed a 黨. |
| 子路：“宗族稱孝焉，鄉黨稱弟（悌）焉。” | In ancient times, five hundred families formed a 黨. |
| 禮記坊記：“睦於父母之黨。” | Relatives, in-laws. Formerly referred to as “father's 黨,” “mother's 黨,” “wife's 黨,” etc. |
| 左傳襄公二十一年：“皆欒氏之黨也。” | Group, members of the group. |
| 漢書霍光傳：“後桀黨與有譖光者。” | Members of the same party. |
| 尚書洪範：“無偏無黨。” | Extended to mean favoritism, bias, based on personal relationships. |
| 左傳襄公三年：“舉其偏，不爲黨。” | Extended to mean favoritism, bias, based on personal relationships. |
| Note: In ancient Chinese, when “黨” refers to a group, it is generally used in a derogatory sense, thus extended to mean favoritism. | |
| ［辨］黨，党。 | The two characters are different in ancient times. Although both are surnames, “黨” is pronounced zhǎng, while “党” is pronounced dàng (now pronounced with a rising tone). The name of an ancient minority in China (the Western Qiang's “党” is not pronounced as “黨”). |
| 文心雕龍麗辭：“豈營麗辭，率然對爾。” | Paired, in pairs. |
| 文心雕龍麗辭：“則字字相儷。” | Paired, in pairs, this meaning is also written as “儷.” |
| 周易離卦：“日月麗乎天，百穀草木麗乎土。” | Attached. In modern times, there is a disyllabic word “附麗.” |
| 曹丕典論論文：“辭賦欲麗。” | Gorgeous. |
| 沈約謝靈運傳論：“雖清辭麗曲，時發乎篇。” | Gorgeous. |
| 文心雕龍情采：“爲文者淫麗而煩濫。” | Gorgeous. |
| 杜甫麗人行：“長安水邊多麗人。” | Extended to mean beauty, pretty. Specifically refers to female beauty. |
| ［辨］美，麗。 | In meanings like “beautiful” and “gorgeous,” the two are synonyms. However, “麗” has a narrower application, mostly referring to specific things, and is limited to aspects that can be visually perceived, such as “絢麗，” “都麗，” “秀麗，” etc. “美” is different; it can express various sensory aspects, applicable to both concrete and abstract things, with a very broad range. |
| 詩經大雅韓奕：“炰鱉鮮魚。” | Pronounced xiān. Fresh fish, as opposed to dried fish. |
| 禮記曲禮下：“槁魚曰商祭，鮮魚曰脡祭。”（槀：同 “槁”。乾枯。） | Pronounced xiān. Fresh fish, as opposed to dried fish. |
| 老子六十章：“治大國若烹小鮮。” | Pronounced xiān. Fresh fish, as opposed to dried fish. |
| 儀禮士昏禮：“臘必用鮮。（臘 xí：乾肉。）” | Extended to mean fresh. |
| 文心雕龍物色：“灼灼狀桃花之鮮。” | Bright, vivid. |
| 論語學而：“其爲人也孝弟，而好犯上者鮮矣。” | Pronounced xiǎn. Few. |
| 詩經大雅蕩：“靡不有初，鮮克有終。” | Pronounced xiǎn. Few. |
| 韓愈送李願歸盤穀序：“居民鮮少。” | Pronounced xiǎn. Few. |
| 莊子逍遙遊：“今一朝而鬻技百金，請與之。” | Pronounced yù. To sell. |
| 詩經秦風晨風：“鬱彼北林。” | Lush appearance. |
| 左思詠史詩：“鬱鬱澗底松。” | Lush appearance. |
| 蘇軾前赤壁賦：“山川相繆，鬱乎蒼蒼。” | Lush appearance. |
| ［鬱律］杜甫自京赴奉先縣詠懷五百字詩：“瑤池氣鬱律。” | The appearance of smoke rising vigorously. |
| 楚辭哀郢：“慘鬱鬱而不通兮。” | The appearance of stagnation and blockage. |
| 漢書路溫舒傳：“忠良切言，皆鬱於胸。” | The appearance of stagnation and blockage, also used as a verb. |
| 司馬遷報任安書：“此人皆意有所鬱結，不得通其道。” | The appearance of stagnation and blockage, also used as a verb. |
| 韓愈送孟東野序：“樂也者，鬱於中而泄於外者也。” | The appearance of stagnation and blockage, also used as a verb. |
| 蘇軾賈誼論：“縈紆鬱悶，趯然有遠舉之志。” | The appearance of stagnation and blockage, also used as a verb. |
| ［鬱邑］［堙鬱］［抑鬱］［壹鬱］ | A series of homophonic words. The appearance of sorrow and melancholy. 楚辭離騷：“偭忳鬱邑餘侘傺兮。” 賈誼弔屈原賦：“獨堙鬱兮其誰語？” (In the Han book, it is written as “壹鬱.”) 司馬遷報任安書：“是以獨抑鬱而誰與語？” 蕭統文選序：“耿介之意既傷，壹鬱之懷靡訴。” |
| 賈誼弔屈原賦：“獨堙鬱兮其誰語？”（漢書作 “壹鬱”。） | The appearance of sorrow and melancholy. |
| 司馬遷報任安書：“是以獨抑鬱而誰與語？” | The appearance of sorrow and melancholy. |
| 蕭統文選序：“耿介之意既傷，壹鬱之懷靡訴。” | The appearance of sorrow and melancholy. |
| 孟子萬章上：“鬱陶思君爾。” | A series of homophonic words. The appearance of longing. |
| 文心雕龍情采：“諸子之徒，心非鬱陶。” | A series of homophonic words. The appearance of longing. |
| 孟子公孫丑上：“子夏、子游、子張皆有聖人之一體，冉牛、閔子、顏淵則具體而微。”（具體：具備所有身體的各部分。） | The various parts of the body, such as head, hands, feet, shoulders, back, thighs, etc. |
| 史記項羽本紀：“王翳取其頭，…… 最其後郎中騎楊喜、騎司馬呂馬童、郎中呂勝、楊武各得其一體；五人共會其體，皆是。” | The various parts of the body. |
| 禮記禮運：“體其犬豕牛羊。” | When used as a verb, it means to dismember the various parts of the body. |
| 楚辭離騷：“雖體解吾猶未變兮。” | To dismember the various parts of the body. |
| 論語微子：“四體不勤。” | Specifically refers to hands and feet. |
| 文心雕龍麗辭：“造化賦形，支體必雙。”（支：肢。） | Hands and feet. |
| 孟子告子下：“勞其筋骨，餓其體膚。” | Generally refers to the body. |
| 漢書霍光傳：“去病不早自知爲大人遺體也。” | Body. |
| 司馬遷報任安書：“古今一體，安在其不辱也。” | [One body] is roughly equivalent to modern “the same.” |
| 易經繫辭上：“故神無方而易無體。” | Shape, form. |
| 詩經衛風氓：“爾卜爾筮，體無咎言。”（體：卦體，卦象。） | Omen, sign. |
| 沈約謝靈運傳論：“自漢至魏，四百餘年，辭人才子，文體三變。” | [Form] system, [form] style. |
| 蕭統文選序：“古詩之體，今則全取賦名。” | The form of the text, [form] style. |
| 禮記中庸：“敬大臣也，體羣臣也。” 又：“體羣臣，則士之報禮重。” | As a verb, it means to analyze by putting oneself in their position, to understand. The later meanings of “體會，” “體諒，” “體恤，” etc., are derived from this. |
| 詩經小雅四牡：“載驟駸駸。”（駸駸 qīnqīn，馬快跑的樣子。） | Horses running. |
| 詩經小雅四牡：“載驟駸駸。” | 驟 (qīnqīn), horses running quickly. |
| 老子二十三章：“驟雨不終日。” | Extended to mean fast. |
| 左傳宣公二年：“宣子驟諫。” | Repeatedly. |
| 戰國策趙策一：“襄子至橋而馬驚。” | The horse runs wildly due to fear. |
| 枚乘上書諫吳王：“馬方駭，鼓而驚之。” | The horse runs wildly due to fear. |
| 曹植洛神賦：“翩若驚鴻。” | Extended to mean the fear of animals. |
| 王勃滕王閣序：“雁陣驚寒。” | Extended to mean the fear of animals. |
| 漢書霍光傳：“羣臣皆驚鄂失色。” | Human shock, due to unexpected events causing inner turmoil. |
| 賈誼論積貯疏：“安有爲天下阽危若是而上不驚者！” | Human shock, due to unexpected events causing inner turmoil. |
| 陶潛詠荊軻詩：“商音更流涕，羽奏壯士驚。” | Extended to mean emotions being stirred or disturbed (later uprising). |
| 杜甫春望詩：“恨別鳥驚心。” | Extended to mean emotions being stirred or disturbed (later uprising). |
| 白居易長恨歌：“聞道漢家天子使，九華帳裏夢魂驚。” | Extended to mean emotions being stirred or disturbed (later uprising). |
| ［辨］驚，恐，畏，懼。 | These four words should be divided into two categories: “恐，” “畏，” “懼” belong to one category, while “驚” forms its own category. The distinction between “畏” and “懼” has been discussed in the first volume (page 87) of the General Theory of Ancient Chinese. “恐” and “懼” are synonyms, but “恐” is generally more severe, often used to indicate imminent danger and panic. In the 26th year of the reign of Duke Xi: “室如縣罄，野無青草，何恃而不恐？” In modern times, there is a disyllabic word “恐怖.” The main characteristic of “驚” is sudden sensation; it does not necessarily indicate fear. An external stimulus that causes inner turmoil is called “驚.” “羽奏壯士驚” indicates that the warrior is not afraid; rather, the music has stirred their emotions, making them even more passionate. These meanings are not present in “恐，” “畏，” or “懼.” |
| 詩經小雅采菽：“載驂載駟。” | Three horses pull one cart. |
| 楚辭國殤：“左驂殪兮右刃傷。” | Specifically refers to the horses on both sides. |
| 詩經衛風碩人：“四牡有驕。”（牡：公馬。） | The appearance of a tall and strong horse. |
| 李華弔古戰場文：“主將驕敵，期門受戰。” | Arrogance, self-importance. |
| 杜牧阿房宮賦：“獨夫之心，日益驕固。” | Arrogance, self-importance. The idiom “戒驕戒躁” has emerged. |
| ［辨］驕，傲。 | “驕” refers to self-satisfaction, a psychological state; “傲” refers to arrogance, rudeness, a behavioral manifestation. |
| 詩經大雅常武：“徐方繹騷。” | To disturb, to agitate. 徐方: The minority tribes in the Jianghuai region during the Zhou dynasty. |
| 柳宗元答韋中立論師道書：“早暮咈吾耳，騷吾心。” | To disturb, to agitate. Indicates that sounds or information have disturbed one's mood. |
| 蕭統文選有 “騷” 類。 | A type of poetic form. Named after Qu Yuan's “Li Sao.” Includes Chuci and later imitations of Chuci. |
| 文心雕龍辨騷：“昔漢武愛騷，而淮南作傳。” | Specifically refers to Chuci. Indicates that Emperor Wu of Han loved this poetic form. |
| 韓愈進學解：“下逮莊騷。” | Specifically refers to Chuci. Indicates a type of poetic form, influencing figures like Zhuangzi. |
| ［騷人］ | Poets of the “sao” form. 蕭統文選序：“騷人之文，自茲而作.” Extended to mean general poets. 范仲淹岳陽樓記：“遷客騷人，多會於此.” |
| “風騷” 连用，指 | The Book of Songs and Chuci. |
| 史記項羽本紀：“駿馬名騅，常騎之。” | 騎 [horse]. |
| 史記項羽本紀：沛公旦日從百餘騎來見項王。 | Pronounced jì, falling tone. 騎 soldiers. |
| 又魏其武安侯列傳：獨二人及從奴十數騎馳入吳軍。 | Pronounced jì, falling tone. 騎 soldiers. |
| 高適燕歌行：“胡騎憑陵雜風雨。” | Pronounced jì, falling tone. 騎 soldiers. |
| 論語顏淵：“駟不及舌。” | Four horses pull one cart. |
| 戰國策齊策四：“世無騏驥騄耳，王駟已備矣。” | Four horses pull one cart. |
| 論語季氏：“齊景公有馬千駟。” | Measure word. |
| 戰國策齊策四：“文車二駟。” | Measure word. |
| 王勃滕王閣序：“襜帷暫駐。” | The cart and horses stop. |
| 杜甫別房太尉墓詩：“駐馬別孤墳。” | The cart and horses stop. |
| 姜夔揚州慢詞：“解鞍少駐初程。” | The cart and horses stop. |
| 三國志蜀志諸葛亮傳：“率諸軍北駐漢中。” | In ancient times, military movements often used carts and horses, so it also specifically refers to the army's stay, 駐扎. |
| 三國志蜀志諸葛亮傳：“是以分兵屯田，爲久駐之基。” | In ancient times, military movements often used carts and horses, so it also specifically refers to the army's stay, 駐扎. |
| 蘇軾洞霄宮詩：“不用金丹苦駐顏。” | Extended to mean to retain. Generally only used in “駐顏.” |
| 漢書酈食其傳：“食其馮軾下齊七十餘城”。 | Pronounced píng. To rely on. |
| 左傳僖公五年：“神所馮依，將在德矣。” | Early to mean to rely on, to depend. |
| 左傳哀公七年：“馮恃其眾。” | This meaning later became written as “憑，” “憑.” |
| 周禮夏官大司馬：“馮弱犯寡。” | Pronounced píng. To invade. |
| ［馮陵］ | To invade. 庾信哀江南賦：“馮陵畿甸。” |
| 馮 as a place name | Pronounced féng. The name of a commandery during the Qin and Han dynasties, “馮翊，” in present-day Dali County, Shaanxi. |
| 左傳宣公十二年：“遂疾進師，車馳卒奔。”（馬駕車快跑，士卒飛奔。） | The horse runs quickly. |
| 莊子秋水：“騏驥驊騮，一日而馳千里。” | The horse runs quickly. |
| 左傳莊公十年：“公將馳之。” Specifically refers to driving horses to chase the enemy. | To drive horses to chase the enemy. |
| 成公二年：“不介馬而馳之。” Also means to spur the horse to run fast. | To spur the horse to run fast. |
| 孟子滕文公上：“好馳馬試劍。” | To spur the horse to run fast. |
| 漢書周亞夫傳：“上自勞軍，至霸上及棘門軍，直馳入。” | To spur the horse to run fast. |
| 成語有 “風馳電掣。” | To move swiftly. |
| 韓詩外傳：“名聲馳於後世。” | To spread, to circulate. |
| 孟浩然春燕詩：“英名日四馳。” | To spread, to circulate. |
| 隋書史祥傳：“身在邊隅，情馳魏闕。”（魏闕：也叫象魏。皇帝所居的宮闕。） | To yearn for, to rush towards. |
| ［辨］馳，驅。 | The two are synonyms, both meaning horses running quickly and urging horses to run fast. For example, in the Book of Songs, “載馳載驅” both mean horses running quickly, while in the Greater 雅板，“無敢馳驅” both mean to make them run fast (meaning to indulge). However, later the character “馳” mainly developed along the meaning of “running fast,” thus extending to “疾行” (like “風馳電掣”), “流布” (like “名馳宇宙”) and other meanings. “驅” emphasizes the meaning of “urging to run fast,” thus gradually extending to usages like “策驅，” “驅使，” “驅逐，” and “驅除.” The two have become distinctly different. |
| 詩經周頌良耜：“其餉伊黍。” | To send meals to those working in the fields. |
| 孟子滕文公下：“有童子以黍肉餉。” | To send meals to those working in the fields. |
| 王維積雨輞川莊作詩：“蒸藜炊黍餉東菑。” | To send meals to those working in the fields. |
| 蘇軾新城道中詩：“煮葵燒荀餉春耕。” | To send meals to those working in the fields. |
| 漢書高帝紀：“填國家，撫百姓，給餉饋，不絕糧道，吾不如蕭何。” | To supply military provisions and materials. |
| 唐書食貨志：“天下之賦，鹽利居半，宮闈服御，軍餉，百官祿俸，皆仰給焉。” | To supply military provisions and materials. |
| Later, there are disyllabic words like “軍餉,” “糧餉,” etc. | To supply military provisions and materials. |
| “餉” 字讀音如何？ | Formerly pronounced as “亮切，” “商去聲”; now pronounced xiǎng. |
| 史記陳丞相世家：“齎用益饒，遊道日廣。” | Abundant, plentiful. |
| 洛陽伽藍記開善寺：“居川林之饒。” | Abundant, plentiful. |
| 吳均與顧章書：“偏饒竹實。” | Extended to mean many. |
| 鮑照擬行路難詩：“日月流邁不相饒。” | To forgive, to be tolerant, to excuse (later uprising). |
| 論語先進：“因之以饑饉。” | The grains are not ripe, leading to famine. |
| 又顏淵：“年饑，用不足。” | The grains are not ripe, leading to famine. |
| ［辨］飢，饑。 | “飢” and “饑” have different ancient pronunciations (飢 belongs to the “脂” category, while 饑 belongs to the “微” category); they are neither variant characters nor interchangeable. “飢” is used for “hunger,” while “饑” is used for “famine,” which is a significant distinction. In the Zuo Zhuan, “饑” and “飢” are never confused, while in Mencius, the character “饑” is sometimes used to mean “hunger,” but “飢” is never used to mean “饑.” In the Middle Ages, “飢” and “饑” had the same pronunciation, which led to their gradual mixing. |
The markdown table is designed for better export to CSV and then import into Anki.